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VOLUME 19-1
Editorial 1
Mohamed Bukenya, Fred H. Johnsen and William S. Gombya-Ssembajjwe
Environmental and Exchange Entitlements from Eucalyptus Woodlots: The case of Mukono district in Uganda 3
Abba s Hassan Ali, Kamal. E. M. Fadl and Idris Musa Adam
Effect of Position of Tapping, Tree Stem Diameter and Tapping Tools on Frankincense Yield of Boswellia papyrifera in South Kordofan State, Sudan 19
Kamal Eldin Mohammed Fadl
Growth and Yield of Groundnut, Sesame and Roselle under Acacia senegal Agroforestry System in North Kordofan, Sudan 27
Nur Muhammed, Farhana Haque and Masao Koike
The Role of Participatory Social Forestry in the enhancement of the socio-economic condition of the rural poor: a case study of Dhaka Forest Division in Bangladesh 47
RESEARCH PAPERS
C. Nchoutpouen, P. M. Mapongmetsem. L. Zapfack and M. L. Ngo Mpeck
Effects of land use on the population structure of Parkia biglobosa (Jacq.) Benth. (Mimosaceae) in the periphery of Ngaoundere, Cameroon. 69
R. Laik, Koushlendra Kumar and D. K. Das
Organic carbon and nutrient build-up in a calciorthent soil under six forest tree species 71
EDITORIAL
I have to apologise for the late publication of the final number in Volume 18; the proofs were sent to the publishers on time but, thereafter, some delay occurred. Meanwhile I have continued work on the new volume. As you see from the cover, this number appears under my editorial as no successor has yet been appointed. In the interim I shall continue to receive manuscripts and hold them until I may pass them on to the new editor.
I note the following excerpt from RECOFTC’s November Community Forestry E-News in case it has been missed by any who read our special number (18 – 1) on the certification of NTFPs.
Beyond Timber: Certification and Management of Non-Timber Forest Products
Authors:
Patricia Shanley, Alan R. Pierce, Sarah A. Laird, Dawn Robinson
Publishers: CIFOR and Forest Trends, 2008
This book is a practical guide for communities, researchers, policymakers, and donors interested in assessing the value of investing time and effort in the elaborate and costly process of gaining independent international recognition of sound management practices directed to harvest of non-timber forest products (NTFPs). The guide does not attempt to mask the difficulties of obtaining NTFP certification; the numerous case studies and examples cited within make it clear that certification is still a major undertaking and challenge, especially for isolated forest communities. The book identifies gaps in knowledge, community organizational capacity, and legislation that still stand in the way of sound forest management. It also points out the false dilemma of having to choose between timber and non-timber forest management.
ABSTRACTS
Environmental and Exchange Entitlements
from Eucalyptus Woodlots: The case of
Mukono district in Uganda
Mohamed Bukenya1, Fred H. Johnsen2 and William S. Gombya-Ssembajjwe1
ABSTRACT
The concept of entitlement has been used to show how different social actors access and negotiate
for goods and services from natural resources. Although Eucalyptus tree species are perceived to
generate adverse environmental impacts, they make an invaluable contribution to rural people’s
livelihoods. This study examined the socio-economic importance of Eucalyptus woodlots in
Mukono district, Uganda, using the entitlements framework. Data were collected employing a
questionnaire survey of randomly selected households. PRA tools were also used to supplement
questionnaire data. The results indicate that Eucalyptus woodlots provided both environmental
and exchange entitlements to the local people. The environmental entitlements included firewood,
medicinal collections, plant foods, fodder for livestock and Eucalyptus seeds. The exchange
entitlements were paid labour for land preparation, planting, tending and harvesting of trees, and
trading in Eucalyptus seeds, firewood and poles. Although the woodlots are private property, they
provide local people with various forms of exchange and environmental entitlements that enhance
livelihoods. The policy implication is that increased private forest farming can provide both social
and environmental goods, improve rural livelihoods and thus help to reduce pressure on the nature
forests.
Effect of Position of Tapping, Tree Stem
Diameter and Tapping Tools on Frankincense
Yield of Boswellia papyrifera in South
Kordofan State, Sudan
Abba s Hassan Ali1 *, Kamal. E. M. Fadl2 and Idris Musa Adam3
Abstract
Boswellia papyrifera (Del.) Hochst is an important multipurpose tree in the savanna belt of South
Kordofan. The tree produces frankincense – locally known as Luban – which is used as incense
and as a raw material in the food, perfume and pharmaceutical industries. In Sudan frankincense is
used in homes to produces a nice smell from its smoke.
The economic important of frankincense gum is well recognized by Sudanese merchants in the
local market and for export. Resin productions in South Kordofan represent the main source of
income during hard times. Recently, the production was declined as a result of the increase in human
and animal population, drought and desertification, seasonal fire and poor natural regeneration of the
trees. Despite its importance little information on how to improve resin production is available.
Therefore, two experiments were conducted in natural stand of Boswellia papyrifera at Um
Abdalla forest reserve during October in the 2002 growing season. The objectives were to determine
the effect of position of tapping, intensity of tapping (number of tapping incisions) and tree stem
diameter (DBH) on resin yield, and to find an improved procedure and suitable tool for tapping
the tree. The design of both experiments was a two factor, randomized complete block design.
The resin of each tree was collected after four weeks, dried in the shade for 2 weeks and then
weighed.
In the first experiment the two variables (treatments) were tree stem diameter (DBH) (3 size
classes – 10–15 cm, 16–20 cm and >20 cm) and intensity of tapping stem (number of tapping
incisions) which was tested at two levels namely tapping two opposite sides (North and South), and
tapping four sides. In the second experiment position of tapping was tested in three levels (50cm,
100cm and 150cm) relative to stem base.
The second experiment looked at 2 tapping tools (Mengaf which was used for tapping Boswellia
papyrifera and Sonki which was used for tapping Acacia senegal).
The result showed that tree stem diameter (dbh) had a very significant (P £ 0.01) on
frankincense yield, that obtained from 10–15 cm and 16–20 cm stem diameter being 60% and
almost 38% lower than that of stems over 20 cm stem diameter.
There were no significant differences between the yields when tapping on two or four sides.
The interaction effect between tree size and tapping intensity was not significant.
Position of tapping also had a significant (P £ 0.05) effect on resin yield. The yield was
increased with increase in the level of tapping. The yield from the lowest (50 cm) was 40% lower
than the yield obtained from the highest level of tapping (150cm).
Manuscript submitted 9.4.08; accepted after revision 21.6.08
ALI ET AL.
The tapping tools used had a significant (P £ 0.01) effect on resin yield. Tapping by the
Mengaf tool gave a total yield nearly twice that for the Sonki tool. The interaction effect between
position of tapping and tapping tools was not significantly different.
The results suggest that yields of over 800 g per tree may be expected from trees over 20 cm
dbh using the mangaf tool and tapping over 1 m from the ground level and tapping on 4 sides;
more intensive tapping is thought to be excessive and may cause the death of the tree.
Growth and Yield of Groundnut, Sesame and
Roselle under Acacia senegal Agroforestry
System in North Kordofan, Sudan
Kamal Eldin Mohammed Fadl
Abstract
Three field trials were conducted under rain fed conditions at El-Obied Research Farm and at
Eldemokeyo Forest Reserve, North Kordofan State during the growing seasons 2004/05, 2005/06
and 2006/07. The objective was to investigate the influence of an Acacia senegal agroforestry
system on the performance and yield of groundnut (Arachis hypogea), sesame (Sesamum indicum)
and roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa).
The two earlier trials (Trials 1 & 2), one at each site, ran for two seasons and consisted of
six treatments: three represented the intercropping of groundnut, sesame and roselle with Acacia
senegal and three without trees. Data were recorded for soil physical and chemical properties,
soil moisture content, plant height (cm), number of pod/plant, fresh weight (kg/ha), dry weight
(kg/ha), gum yield (g/picking) and crop yield (kg/ha). The trees at El-Obeid were only 9 years
old and yielded no gum, whereas those at Eldemokeyo were 15 years old and were tapped as part
of the total harvest in the agroforestry plots. The more recent trial (Trial 3) investigated the effect
of different row arrangement of groundnuts and sesame under a 7 year old plantaion of Acacia
senegal that was too young to yield resin. Land Equivalent Ratios (LER) and simple financial
analyses of gross surpluses were used to evaluate the productivity of the different treatments.
Trials 1 & 2 – Soil properties
Significant differences (P < 0.05) were obtained for sand and silt content between
treatments at both sites, but the clay content was not significantly different. The
clay content increased with increase in soil depth. The levels of soil OC, N, P
and pH were higher under the intercropping system, but not significantly so.
Food crops
Plant heights were significantly (P < 0.05) greater for sesame and roselle in
Manuscript received 20.08.07; accepted after revision 17.8.08.
FADL
El-Obied Farm Research in both seasons. In Eldmokeya Forest Reserve significant
differences were observed for roselle in the first season and for groundnut,
sesame and roselle in the second season.
Root length was significantly greater (P < 0.05) for sesame and roselle at both
sites, while that for groundnuts was not significantly different.
Fresh weight was significantly different (P < 0.05) at both sites. Higher fresh
weights were found under the intercropping system. This could be attributed to
a shading effect that limits fruit production more than vegetative growth. Dry
weights were significantly greater for sesame and roselle in both sites, while that of
groundnuts was not significantly different.
In both sites intercropping increased the yield of sesame by 6% and 11% in the
first season and 37% and 39% in the second season. The increase in roselle yield
was 19% and 28% in the first season and 15% and 8% in the second season.
All the treatments gave land equivalent ratio (LER) of more than one – indicating
the superiority of growing the field crops in intercropping over the sole cropping
systems. The highest LER (1.72) was obtained when roselle was intercropped
with Acacia senegal, while the lowest LER was obtained when groundnuts were
intercropped with Acacia senegal.
All the treatments gave positive net revenues, the highest being for intercropped
sesame. The intercropping of roselle gave the second highest net revenue, while the
sole roselle gave the lowest net revenue.
Trial 3
Yields of groundnut and sesame were significantly (P < 0.05) reduced in the
intercropping system compared to sole cropping. However, yield reduction in
groundnut (65 %) was much higher than in sesame (1.6%). The reduction in yield
of the intercropping plots could be due to water and light competition between
the trees and the agricultural crops. The highest yields of 1800 and 1688 kg/ha
in sole cropping system was obtained in 2:1 and 2:2 row arrangement compared
with 718 and 568 kg/ha for 2:2 and 3:1 row arrangement in intercropping
system.
Most of the intercropping patterns gave Land Equivalent Ratios (LER) of more
than one, indicating more effective land use. The highest LER of 3.89 was obtained
using two rows of groundnut alternated with one row of sesame while the least
LER of 0.57 was obtained with three rows of groundnut alternated with three rows
of sesame.
The financial analysis gave positive net revenues for all treatments. The two
highest net revenues of in the sole cropping system – 1,764 and 543 SDG – were
obtained in the 1:3 and 1:2 (groundnuts : sesame) row arrangements, compared to
the two highest in the intercropping system – 689 and 560 SDG – for the 2:1 and
3:1 row arrangements respectively.
GROWTH AND YIELD OF GROUNDNUT, SESAME AND ROSELLE
Conclusions
The intercropping of crops with Acacia senegal as a means of increasing
incomes and sustaining site productivity shows promise, though such systems are
unlikely to maximize the agricultural crop production in the short term. Some
inconsistencies in the results indicate that further work is needed to determine
the limiting factors and to provide a basis for modeling and the provision of
results on which to base firm recommendations to farmers.
RESEARCH PAPER
The Role of Participatory Social Forestry
in the enhancement of the socio-economic
condition of the rural poor: a case study
of Dhaka Forest Division in Bangladesh
Nur Muhammed, Farhana Haque and Masao Koike*
ABSTRACT
The people of Bangladesh, a densely populated country, depend heavily on forests for fuel wood,
timber and other subsistence. Due to huge biotic and abiotic pressure, forest resources of the
country have been depleted greatly. Participatory social forestry was introduced in Bangladesh in
early 1980s to reduce the rampant rate of deforestation.
Few studies are available on social forestry in Bangladesh. This research was done in degraded
Sal (Shorea robusta) forests under the Dhaka Forest Division. Due to its location in the central
part of the country, this forest is subjected to tremendous illicit cutting and land encroachment. It
was focused on the role of participatory social forestry in the enhancement of the socio-economic
condition of the poor. All three types of plantation (viz. woodlots, agroforestry plantings and strip
plantations) raised under social forestry were financially profitable. Net Present Values to the
poor (NPV) were highest in the strip plantations (US$ 7,857) followed by woodlot plantations
(US$ 4,350) and lowest in agroforestry plantings (US$ 4,222). On an average, each participant
received, US$ 3,338, US$ 3,092 and US$ 1,786 from the, woodlot plantations, agroforestry plantings
and strip plantations respectively. This additional forest based income was a significant contribution
to improve socio-economic conditions of the poor. It is found that individuals recognized as
encroachers in the past, have now become vital stakeholders of forests and recognized member
in community. Negative findings of the programmes are that after 25 years of social forestry
practice in Bangladesh, poor people still remain skeptical towards the programme due to various
administrative blocks and shortcomings and a lack of policy instruments such as the granting of
usufruct rights that affect the sustainability of the programme. Nevertheless compared with the
failures of traditional forest management, participatory social forestry is a far better option.
EFFECTS OF LAND USE ON THE POPULATION
STRUCTURE OF PARKIA BIGLOBOSA (JACQ.) BENTH.
(MIMOSACEAE) IN THE PERIPHERY OF NGAOUNDERE,
CAMEROON
C. NCHOUTPOUEN1, p.m. MAPONGMETSEM,2 L. ZAPFACK1 AND M.L. NGO MPECK3
Abstract4
Parkia biglobosa is one of the most important indigenous agroforestry tree species that is highly
valued by the local populations in the sudano-guinea savannah region of Africa. This study was
carried out in the periphery of Ngaoundéré in order to study its ecological characteristics, its
exploitation and to contribute to the development of strategies for its conservation. The results
showed that regeneration is good but the survival of seedlings is weak. A total of 326 plants of at
least 1 m of height were recorded with an average density of 2.04 stems/ha of which 40% were
exploitable. Human pressure, livestock browsing and bush fire are the main factors hindermg the
development of this tree.
.
Organic carbon and nutrient build-up
in a calciorthent soil under six
forest tre species
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted under 18-year-old forest tree plantations consisting of six multipurpose
tree species;
• [Pongamia pinnata (Linn.) Pierre,
� Albizia procera (Roxb.) Benth.,
� Acacia lenticularis (L.) Willd,
� Eucalyptus tereticornis (Smith),
� Swietenia mahagoni Linn. and
� Terminalia arjuna Bedd.]
at the experimental area of the Department of Forestry, Rajendra Agricultural University, Bihar,
Pusa (Samastipur), India.
The aim was to identify tree species that could grow and ameliorate calciorthent soils deficient
in soil organic carbon (SOC), available N and P2O5, and available Zn and Fe. Most of the tree
species studied was effective in bringing about improvement in the soil properties as reflected by
the significant increases in EC, SOC, available macro-nutrients (N, P2O5, and K2O) and micronutrients.
Of these tree species, E. tereticornis showed maximum SOC (7.54 g kg–1) but with
A. procera, T. arjuna and A. lenticularis lower but not significantly so. Higher available macronutrients
were recorded under the leguminous tree species i.e. A. procera and A. lenticularis followed by
P. pinnata. The order of the levels of the micronutrients in the different species varied but with
E. tereticornis. T. arjuna, and P. pinnata usually among the highest. E. tereticornis, A. procera and
T. arjuna all produced high litter fall (over 8 Mg ha–1). A. procera produce most timber, followed
by T. arjuna. Considering timber production, carbon sequestration and improvement in soil fertility,
A. procera was found to be the best among the tested tree species, and may be a viable option for
natural resource management using an agroforestry system to sustain long-term soil productivity in
calcareous recent alluvial soil of Bihar.